20 March 2023 : Clinical Research
An Online Questionnaire-Based Survey of 1076 Individuals in Poland to Identify the Prevalence of Ophthalmic Symptoms in Autumn 2022
Agnieszka Kamińska
1ABCDEF*, Mateusz Jankowski 2ACE, Magdalena Barbara Rejdak 3DE, Janusz Ostrowski 2DE, Robert Rejdak 4DE, Jarosław Pinkas 2DE
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.939622
Med Sci Monit 2023; 29:e939622
Table 4 Factors associated with the presence of at least one ophthalmic symptom in the least 30 days in a nationwide sample of 1076 adults in Poland.
| OR (95% CI) | p | |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Female | 1.32 (1.02–1.72) | 0.04 |
| Male | 1.00 | |
| Age (years) | ||
| 18–29 | 1.00 | |
| 30–39 | 0.83 (0.55–1.25) | 0.4 |
| 40–49 | 0.96 (0.62–1.50) | 0.9 |
| 50–59 | 0.80 (0.51–1.27) | 0.4 |
| 60+ | 0.82 (0.52–1.29) | 0.4 |
| Educational level | ||
| Primary | 1.00 | |
| Vocational | 0.64 (0.25–1.64) | 0.4 |
| Secondary | 1.09 (0.46–2.61) | 0.8 |
| Higher | 1.54 (0.64–3.71) | 0.3 |
| Married | ||
| Yes | 0.87 (0.64–1.19) | 0.4 |
| No | 1.00 | |
| Place of residence | ||
| rural | 1.56 (1.02–2.39) | 0.04 |
| City <20,000 inhabitants | 1.72 (1.03–2.87) | 0.04 |
| City ≥20,000 <100,000 inhabitants | 1.67 (1.05–2.65) | 0.03 |
| City ≥100,000 <500,000 inhabitants | 1.05 (0.66–1.67) | 0.8 |
| City ≥500,000 inhabitants | 1.00 | |
| Number of household members | ||
| 1 (living alone) | 1.00 | |
| At least 2 persons | 1.55 (1.02–2.36) | 0.04 |
| Occupational status | ||
| Active | 1.14 (0.83–1.56) | 0.4 |
| Passive | 1.00 | |
| Self-reported economic status | ||
| Good | 1.00 | |
| Moderate | 1.19 (0.89–1.60) | 0.2 |
| Bad | 1.41 (1.01–2.00) | 0.049 |
| Having chronic diseases | ||
| Yes | 2.10 (1.59–2.76) | <0.001 |
| No | 1.00 | |
| Wearing spectacles/contact lenses | ||
| Yes | 1.61 (1.23–2.10) | <0.001 |
| No | 1.00 | |
| OR – odds ratio; 95% CI – 95% confidence interval. | ||