A Review of the Roles of Specialized Extracellular Vesicles, Migrasomes, and Exosomes in Normal Cell Physiology and Disease

Tingting Zheng; Shan Xu; Jinyuan Xu

doi:10.12659/MSM.940118

03 June 2023 : Review article

A Review of the Roles of Specialized Extracellular Vesicles, Migrasomes, and Exosomes in Normal Cell Physiology and Disease

Tingting Zheng^ABEFG, Shan Xu^CDE, Jinyuan Xu^CDE

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.940118

Med Sci Monit 2023; 29:e940118

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Background Exosomes Exosomes Mediate Intercellular Communication Exosomes May be Used as Biomarkers Migrasomes The Contents of Migrasomes Compared to Exosomes The Role of Migrasomes in Cell–Cell Communications Normal Physiology of Migrasomes Migrasomes in Diseases Migrasomes Act as Potential Biomarkers Conclusions Future Directions References

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Table 1 Comparison of physiological features between exosomes and migrasomes.

	Exosomes	Migrasomes	Reference
Diameter	40–150 nm	0.5–3 um	[,]⁴
Membrane structure	The double-layer membrane structure	Unilamellar vesicles	[,]⁴
Morphology	Cup-shaped morphology	Pomegranate	[,]³
Major RNAs	miRNAs	mRNA	[]⁵⁴
Biogenesis	Endosomal origin	Not entirelyClear	[,]⁴
Migration-dependent	No	Yes	[,]³
Markers	Alix, Tsg101, CD9, CD63	NDST1, CPQ, PIGK, EOGT	[,,]⁴¹
Existence form	Extracellular vesicles	Before left cell, migrasomes are organelles	[,]³
Diffusion regularity	No fixed direction	Along the migratory path	[,,]³
Tsg101 – tumor susceptibility gene 101 protein; NDST1 – bifunc tional heparan sulfate N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 1; CPQ – carboxypeptidase Q; PIGK – phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class K; EOGT – EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosaminetransferase.

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A Review of the Roles of Specialized Extracellular Vesicles, Migrasomes, and Exosomes in Normal Cell Physiology and Disease

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