07 November 2023 : Clinical Research
Navigating the Shifts: Retrospective Analysis of Alcohol Consumption and its Predictors Across Pre-Pandemic, Lockdown, and Post-Pandemic Eras in Poland
Daniel Pankowski
123ACDEF*, Kinga Wytrychiewicz-Pankowska 23AE, Dorota Kiedik 34D, Andrzej Mariusz Fal 3456AEG
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.940768
Med Sci Monit 2023; 29:e940768
Table 1 Participants’ demographic characteristics.
| Variables | n | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male | 498 | 47.9 |
| Female | 542 | 52.1 | |
| Education | Elementary/junior high school | 48 | 4.6 |
| Essential vocational | 85 | 8.1 | |
| Medium | 470 | 45.2 | |
| Higher | 414 | 39.7 | |
| Relationship | I am married | 467 | 44.9 |
| I am in a relationship | 212 | 20.3 | |
| I’m not in a relationship/I’m single | 314 | 30.2 | |
| Refusal to answer | 47 | 4.5 | |
| Place of residence | Village | 387 | 37.2 |
| City up to 20.000 | 113 | 10.9 | |
| City 20–99 thousand | 208 | 20.0 | |
| City 100–199 thousand | 84 | 8.1 | |
| City 200–499 thousand | 105 | 10.1 | |
| City over 500 thousand | 143 | 13.8 | |
| Having children | Yes | 298 | 28.6 |
| No | 743 | 71.4 | |
| The pre-pandemic work model | Stationary | 615 | 59.1 |
| Hybrid (some work performed remotely, and some stationary in the company) | 79 | 7.6 | |
| Remote | 55 | 5.3 | |
| I did not work during this period | 292 | 28.0 | |
| The lockdown work model | Stationary | 377 | 36.3 |
| Hybrid (some work performed remotely, and some stationary in the company) | 174 | 16.7 | |
| Remote | 148 | 14.3 | |
| I did not work during this period | 341 | 32.8 | |
| The post-pandemic work model | Stationary | 529 | 50.9 |
| Hybrid (some work performed remotely, and some stationary in the company) | 122 | 11.7 | |
| Remote | 83 | 8.0 | |
| I did not work during this period | 305 | 29.3 | |
| Coronavirus infection | No | 784 | 75.4 |
| Yes | 256 | 24.6 | |
| Serious illness of a loved one | No | 910 | 87.5 |
| Yes | 130 | 12.5 | |
| Deterioration of the financial situation | No | 925 | 88.9 |
| Yes | 115 | 11.1 | |
| More free time | No | 684 | 65.8 |
| Yes | 356 | 34.2 | |
| Deterioration of health | No | 925 | 88.9 |
| Yes | 115 | 11.1 | |
| Deterioration of family relationships | No | 866 | 83.2 |
| Yes | 174 | 16.8 | |
| Loss of contact with loved ones | No | 755 | 72.6 |
| Yes | 285 | 27.4 | |
| Death of a loved one | No | 882 | 84.8 |
| Yes | 158 | 15.2 | |
| Age in years | 46.10 | 15.82 | |
| Alcohol consumption | Beer/cider, before pandemic | 2.52 | 1.02 |
| Wine/champagne, before pandemic | 2.26 | 0.86 | |
| Vodka, before pandemic | 2.07 | 0.89 | |
| Whiskey/cognac, before pandemic | 1.92 | 0.95 | |
| Beer/cider, during lockdown | 2.42 | 1.07 | |
| Wine/champagne, during lockdown | 2.16 | 0.93 | |
| Vodka, during lockdown | 1.98 | 0.93 | |
| Whiskey/cognac, during lockdown | 1.85 | 0.97 | |
| Beer/cider – after pandemic | 2.43 | 1.04 | |
| Wine/champagne – after pandemic | 2.21 | 0.92 | |
| Vodka – after pandemic | 2.03 | 0.93 | |
| Whiskey/cognac – after pandemic | 1.89 | 0.98 | |
| Self-assessed health | Before pandemic | 4.31 | 1.16 |
| Lockdown | 3.81 | 1.09 | |
| After pandemic | 3.99 | 1.16 | |
| Quality of Life | Before pandemic | 4.68 | 1.17 |
| Lockdown | 4.09 | 1.13 | |
| After pandemic | 4.31 | 1.25 | |
| AUDIT total score | Before pandemic | 5.87 | 7.18 |
| Lockdown | 5.61 | 7.62 | |
| After pandemic | 5.75 | 7.59 | |
| Loneliness | Before pandemic | 6.94 | 2.89 |
| Lockdown | 8.25 | 3.29 | |
| After pandemic | 6.66 | 3.14 |