07 June 2024 : Clinical Research
Risk Factors for Postpartum Hemorrhage in Severe Pre-Eclampsia: A Retrospective Single-Centre Study of 1953 Cases
Yingzi Pan1ABCDE, Yuchuan Wang1ABCDE, Jiayan Miao1ABCDEF, Xiaohong Ji1BCEF, Chengqian Wu1ABC, Yixiao Wang1ABCDEF*, Hongjuan Ding1ABCDEFGDOI: 10.12659/MSM.943772
Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e943772
Table 5 Clinical characteristics of women with and without postpartum hemorrhage in the cesarean delivery and vaginal delivery groups.
| Cesarean section (n=1708) | Vaginal delivery (n=245) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PPH (n=165) | Non-PPH (n=1543) | P | PPH (n=32) | Non-PPH (n=213) | P | |
| Lower limb edema, n (%) | 13 (7.88) | 221 (14.32) | 0.022* | 2 (6.25) | 6 (2.82) | 0.627 |
| PROM, n (%) | 17 (10.30) | 97 (6.29) | 0.049* | 12 (37.50) | 83 (38.97) | 0.874 |
| Histological chorioamnionitis, n (%) | 14 (8.48) | 206 (13.35) | 0.076 | 7 (21.88) | 25 (11.74) | 0.192 |
| Placental abruption, n (%) | 6 (3.64) | 32 (2.07) | 0.310 | 0 (0.00) | 3 (1.41) | 1.000 |
| HELLP syndrome, n (%) | 7 (4.24) | 37 (2.40) | 0.245 | 0 (0.00) | 2 (0.94) | 1.000 |
| Thrombocytopenia, n (%) | 10 (6.06) | 52 (3.37) | 0.079 | 2 (6.25) | 6 (2.82) | 0.627 |
| Liver dysfunction, n (%) | 8 (4.85) | 66 (4.28) | 0.732 | 4 (12.50) | 8 (3.76) | 0.090 |
| Renal dysfunction, n (%) | 2 (1.21) | 16 (1.04) | 0.848 | 1 (3.13) | 0 (0.00) | 1.000 |
| ICP, n (%) | 11 (6.67) | 69 (4.47) | 0.205 | 0 (0.00) | 5 (2.35) | 1.000 |
| Placenta accreta spectrum disorders, n (%) | 8 (4.85) | 12 (0.78) | <0.001*** | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.47) | 1.000 |
| Placenta previa, n (%) | 13 (7.88) | 18 (1.17) | <0.001*** | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1.000 |
| GDM, n (%) | 42 (25.45) | 357 (23.14) | 0.504 | 7 (21.88) | 64 (30.05) | 0.342 |
| Hypothyroidism, n (%) | 19 (11.52) | 147 (9.53) | 0.413 | 2 (6.25) | 13 (6.10) | 0.717 |
| Uterine scar, n (%) | 22 (13.33) | 253 (16.40) | 0.309 | 2 (6.25) | 0 (0.00) | 1.000 |
| Induction of labor before delivery, n (%) | 17 (10.30) | 134 (8.68) | 0.486 | 18 (56.25) | 102 (47.89) | 0.378 |
| Cook’s balloon | 3 (1.82) | 36 (2.33) | 0.883 | 8 (25.00) | 34 (15.96) | 0.206 |
| Dinoprostone E2 | 2 (1.21) | 14 (0.91) | 0.969 | 2 (6.25) | 8 (3.76) | 0.853 |
| Oxytocin | 16 (9.70) | 125 (8.10) | 0.479 | 16 (50.00) | 95 (44.60) | 0.567 |
| Medicationy, n (%) | 159 (96.36) | 1484 (96.18) | 0.905 | 31 (96.88) | 203 (95.31) | 0.954 |
| Labetalol hydrochloride | 152 (92.12) | 1412 (91.51) | 0.788 | 30 (93.75) | 182 (85.45) | 0.315 |
| Nifedipine | 78 (47.27) | 848 (54.96) | 0.060 | 13 (40.63) | 92 (43.19) | 0.784 |
| Phentolamine | 20 (12.12) | 248 (16.07) | 0.185 | 8 (25.00) | 38 (17.84) | 0.334 |
| Magnesium sulfate | 88 (53.33) | 987 (63.97) | 0.007** | 10 (31.25) | 115 (53.99) | 0.016* |
| Anesthesia, n (%) | ||||||
| Spinal anesthesia | 153(92.73) | 1495(96.89) | 0.006** | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1.000 |
| General anesthesia | 12 (7.27) | 48 (3.11) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1.000 | |
| Peridural analgesia | 165 (100.00) | 1543 (100.00) | 1.000 | 20 (62.50) | 188 (88.26) | <0.001*** |
| Number of blood transfusions, n (%) | 49 (29.70) | 33 (2.14) | <0.001*** | 3 (9.38) | 0 (0.00) | 1.000 |
| Red blood cells suspension | 47 (28.48) | 18 (1.17) | <0.001*** | 2 (6.25) | 0 (0.00) | 1.000 |
| Cryoprecipitate | 10 (6.06) | 5 (0.32) | <0.001*** | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1.000 |
| Fresh frozen plasma | 40 (24.24) | 20 (1.30) | <0.001*** | 3 (9.38) | 0 (0.00) | 1.000 |
| Platelet | 11 (6.67) | 12 (0.78) | <0.001*** | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1.000 |
| Instrumental birth using forceps, n (%) | 16 (50.00) | 46 (21.60) | <0.001*** | |||
| Premature labor, n (%) | 108 (65.45) | 940 (60.92) | 0.256 | 3 (9.38) | 20 (9.39) | 0.747 |
| Fetal distress, n (%) | 16 (9.70) | 182 (11.80) | 0.424 | 8 (25.00) | 17 (7.98) | 0.008** |
| Birth weight (g), median (IQR) | 2500.00 (985.00) | 2360.00 (1190.00) | 0.009** | 3455.00 (510.00) | 3220.00 (665.00) | 0.007** |
| FGR, n (%) | 49 (29.70) | 622 (40.31) | 0.008** | 3 (9.38) | 22 (10.33) | 0.883 |
| Excessive amniotic fluid, n (%) | 4 (2.42) | 40 (2.59) | 0.897 | 0 (0.00) | 6 (2.82) | 1.000 |
| Insufficient amniotic fluid, n (%) | 5 (3.03) | 124 (8.04) | 0.021* | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1.000 |
| Length of hospital stay (days), median (IQR) | 8.00 (3.50) | 7.00 (3.00) | 0.001** | 6.00 (2.00) | 5.00 (2.00) | 0.010* |
| Postoperative infection, n (%) | 6 (3.64) | 47 (3.05) | 0.678 | 1 (3.13) | 6 (2.82) | 1.000 |
| Hematoma, n (%) | 1 (0.61) | 0 (0.00) | 1.00 | 1 (3.13) | 2 (0.94) | 1.000 |
| Relaparotomy for hemostatic procedures, n (%) | 10 (6.06) | 1 (0.06) | 0.001** | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1.000 |
| Hysterectomy, n (%) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (0.13) | 1.00 | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1.000 |
| PROM – premature rupture of the membranes; ICP – intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy; GDM – gestational diabetes mellitus; FGR – fetal growth restriction. | ||||||