31 May 2024 : Clinical Research
Differential Inflammatory Responses in Adult and Pediatric COVID-19 Patients: Implications for Long-Term Consequences and Anti-Inflammatory Treatment
Kacper Toczyłowski
1ACDEFG*, Dawid Lewandowski1AB, Diana Martonik 2BE, Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska 3ABE, Ewelina Kruszewska 3BE, Anna Parfieniuk-Kowerda 2BE, Robert Flisiak 2BE, Artur Sulik 1ABDE
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.944052
Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e944052
Table 2 Change in the serum concentrations of measured proteins in adult COVID-19 patients concentrations between 2 time points: T2 (after symptom resolution and before discharge) and T1 (upon admission).
| Median fold change (IQR) | p | |
|---|---|---|
| TIMP-1 | 0.73 (0.56–0.97) | 0.002 |
| TIMP-2 | 1.13 (1.01–1.27) | 0.022 |
| TIMP-3 | 0.8 (0.47–1.25) | 0.041 |
| TIMP-4 | 0.74 (0.47–0.9) | 0.006 |
| MMP-1 | 0.79 (0.37–1.07) | 0.018 |
| MMP-2 | 1.35 (1.01–1.56) | 0.019 |
| MMP-3 | 0.87 (0.58–1.11) | 0.127 |
| MMP-7 | 1.05 (0.82–1.15) | 0.943 |
| MMP-8 | 0.3 (0.22–0.54) | <0.001 |
| MMP-9 | 0.52 (0.38–0.65) | <0.001 |
| MMP-10 | 1.13 (0.8–1.26) | 0.384 |
| MMP-12 | 0.98 (0.88–1.12) | 0.627 |
| MMP-13 | 0.70 (0.32–1.03) | 0.020 |
| TNFα | 0.80 (0.42–1.25) | 0.009 |
| EMMPRIN | 1.00 (0.92–1.05) | 0.604 |
| MMP – matrix of matrix metalloproteinases; TIMP – tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases; EMMPRIN – extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer; TNFα – tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IQR – interquartile range. Statistical significance assessed using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. | ||