16 July 2024 : Review article
Innovative Approaches to Enhance and Measure Medication Adherence in Chronic Disease Management: A Review
Michał Gackowski
1ABEF*, Magdalena Jasińska-Stroschein 2AE, Tomasz Osmałek 1AE, Magdalena Waszyk-Nowaczyk 3AEG
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.944605
Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e944605
Introduction
Overview of Medication Adherence Measurements Models
Healthcare Assessment
Self-Reporting
Drug Level Measures
Pill Count
Electronic Medication Packaging (EMP) Devices
Directly Observed Therapy (DOT)
Secondary Database Measurements
Mobile Applications and Artificial Intelligence
Video Observed Therapy (VOT)
Mobile Health Applications (MHealth Apps)
Questionnaires and Scales
New Developments in Adherence Monitoring Packages (EMPs)
Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS)
Wisepill Device
SMARxT Cap
One-Dose Package Medication Support System (ODP-MSS)
ReX
Smart Blister Packs
SmartMed
Time4Med
Smart Pens
Smart Inhaler
Ingestible Biosensors (IS)
Future Initiatives
Conclusions
References
Table 2 List of questionnaires and scales for adherence measures and information on patient adherence determination.
| Questionnaire or scale name | Abbreviation | Levels of adherence |
|---|---|---|
| Medication Adherence Questionnaire | MAQ | High, medium, or low |
| Morisky Medication Adherence Scale | MMAS | |
| Brief Medication Questionnaire | – | Repeat, sporadic, or non-adherent |
| Adherence Self-Report Questionnaire | ASRQ | 6 levels based on researchers’ expertise |
| Visual Analogue Scale | VAS | 7 levels based on the researchers’ expertise |
| Based on []. | ||