25 March 2025 : Clinical Research
Inflammatory Biomarkers in Smokers: Implications for Ligamentum Flavum Hypertrophy
Eyüp Çetin A 1*, Dilara Başgül Sagiri B 1, Eylem Burcu Kahraman Özlü D 1, Ezgi Akar BD 1, Eray Metin Güler
BD 2,3, Sarper Kocaoğlu BC 1, Hakan Beyaztaş BD 2,4, Emine Demir FG 5
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.947508
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e947508
Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants, including BMI and smoking status.
| Min–Max | Median | Avg.±ss/n-% | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 22.0–82.0 | 52.0 | 50.5±13.8 | |
| Sex | Female | 29/50.0% | ||
| Male | 29/50.0% | |||
| Weight (kg) | 42.0–155.0 | 77.0 | 78.3±17.5 | |
| Height (cm) | 150.0–188.0 | 166.5 | 166.4±9.2 | |
| BMI | 16.4–51.8 | 27.1 | 28.2±5.4 | |
| Chronic disease | (−) | 39/67.2% | ||
| (+) | 19/32.8% | |||
| Tobacco use | (−) | 31/53.4% | ||
| (+) | 27/46.6% | |||
| Cigarette consumption (per day) | 5.0–20.0 | 20.0 | 15.7±5.3 | |
| Alcohol use | (−) | 52/89.7% | ||
| (+) | 6/10.3% | |||
| Ligamentum flavum side | Right | 20/34.5% | ||
| Left | 33/56.9% | |||
| Bilateral | 5/8.6% | |||
| Heavy lifting exposure | (−) | 51/87.9% | ||
| (+) | 7/12.1% | |||
| IL1β | 202.5–907.8 | 475.5 | 503.3±182.6 | |
| IL6 | 55.9–190.3 | 104.9 | 107.7±31.5 | |
| TNFα | 10.5–402.7 | 217.6 | 226.6±96.3 | |
| AAT | 0.31–4.92 | 1.11 | 1.69±1.28 | |
| AUC – area under the curve; CI – confidence interval; IL-1β – interleukin-1 beta; IL-6 – interleukin-6; TNF-α – tumor necrosis factor-alpha; AAT – alpha-1 antitrypsin; BMI – body mass index; PPV – positive predictive value; NPV – negative predictive value; SD – standard deviation. | ||||