11 July 2025 : Clinical Research
Audiological and Middle Ear Outcomes in Ukrainian Soldiers with Traumatic Tympanic Membrane Perforation
Roman Barylyak
ABDEF 1, Piotr H. Skarżyński ABDE 2,3*, Paulina Deja ACEF 4, Aleksandra Kołodziejak CEF 4, Dmytro O. Horoliuk AB 5, Henryk Skarżyński AB 1
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.948326
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e948326
Table 5 Location of pathological lesions (in relation to middle ear structures)*.
| Pathological lesion | Location | n (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unorganized epidermal masses or epidermis growing into the tympanic cavity (n=17) | Malleus | 12 (71) | |
| Incus | 11 (65) | ||
| Stapes | 7 (41) | ||
| Wall of the middle ear cavity | 13 (77) | ||
| Inner surface of the eardrum | 10 (59) | ||
| Cystic epidermal lesions (cholesteatoma) (n=10) | Malleus | 7 (70) | |
| Incus | 2 (20) | ||
| Stapes | 2 (20) | ||
| Wall of the middle ear cavity | 6 (60) | ||
| Eardrum | 4 (40) | ||
| Wrapping of the edges of the tympanic membrane into the tympanic cavity (n=24) | Malleus | 21 (88) | |
| Incus | 12 (50) | ||
| Stapes | 6 (25) | ||
| Anterior quadrants of the tympanic membrane | 8 (33) | ||
| Posterior-inferior quadrants of the tympanic membrane | 8 (33) | ||
| Advanced adhesions of connective tissue (n=28) | Posterior quadrants of the middle ear cavity around the incus and stapes | 27 (96) | |
| Around the malleus | 12 (43) | ||
| Hypotympanum | 4 (14) | ||
| Damage to the auditory ossicular chain (n=10) | Malleus | Broken malleus handle | 1 (10) |
| Immobile | 2 (20) | ||
| Excessively mobile | 1 (10) | ||
| Incus | Immobile | 4 (40) | |
| Excessively mobile | 2 (20) | ||
| Destruction of the long crus of incus | 4 (40) | ||
| Including disconnected from stapes | 2 (20) | ||
| Stapes | Immobile | 4 (40) | |
| Including luxated (swept out of the niche of the oval window) | 1 (10) | ||
| n – number of pathological lesions. * For certain lesions, there were also cases of co-occurrence, eg, a cholesteatoma could involve both the stapes and the wall of the middle ear cavity. | |||