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20 February 2021: Clinical Research  

A Retrospective Study of Factors Associated with Restoration of Thoracic Kyphosis in 43 Patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis with Lenke Type 1 Curvature

Liyi Chen1ABCDEFG, Chong Liu1ABC, Shian Liao1BC, Chaojie Yu1DE, Tuo Liang1BC, Zhaojie Qin1BD, Shengsheng Huang1AB, Xuhua Sun1BC, Ming Yi1AB, Zhaojun Lu1AD, Zequn Wang1A, Guoyong Xu1B, Zide Zhang1C, Jiarui Chen1D, Jie Jiang1C, Xinli Zhan1AFG*

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.929149

Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e929149

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: This retrospective study aimed to identify the factors associated with successful surgical correction of thoracic kyphosis (TK) in 43 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) with Lenke type 1 curvature, in which the major curve with the largest Cobb angle was mainly in the thoracic region.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: We collected data from patients with Lenke 1 AIS. The following parameters were measured: Cobb angle, side-bending Cobb angle, cervical lordosis (CL), TK, lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI), sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT), the sagittal vertical axis (SVA), the center of a C7 plumb line to the center sacral vertical line (C7-CSVL), correction rate, Ponte osteotomy, flexibility, and screw density. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.

RESULTS: Among the 43 cases analyzed, the mean postoperative Cobb angle at the last follow-up, C7-CSVL, SVA, CL, TK, LL, PI, SS, and PT were respectively 21.33±9.47°, 10.41±8.45 mm, 19.68±14.33 mm, 16.19±7.45°, 23.12±7.45°, 50.33±11.37°, 49.70±9.83°, 39.42±8.11°, and 10.16±6.63°. Univariate analysis suggested that preoperative TK, preoperative LL, and Ponte osteotomy were statistically significant (P<0.05), and multivariate analysis suggested that preoperative LL and Ponte osteotomy were statistically significant (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrated that preoperative TK, preoperative LL, and Ponte osteotomy were related factors for maintaining normal TK. Multivariate analysis suggested that preoperative LL and the use of Ponte osteotomy with full-thickness segmental resection of the spinal posterior column resulted in the successful surgical correction of TK in patients with AIS with Lenke type 1 curvature.

Keywords: Factor Analysis, Statistical, Scoliosis, Thoracic Surgery, Adolescent, Cervical Vertebrae, Child, Kyphosis, Lumbar Vertebrae, Osteotomy, Postoperative Period, postural balance, Posture, Scheuermann Disease, Spinal Fusion, Thoracic Vertebrae

Background

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) involves multiple deformed planes generally, not only with coronal curvature and a decrease or increase of sagittal kyphosis on X-ray film, but also with an obvious axial rotation on computed tomography (CT) [1]. AIS is usually divided into Lenke types: curve type (1 through 6), a lumbar spine modifier (A, B, or C), and a sagittal thoracic modifier (−, N, or +), depending on the curvature and its degree within the different segments [2,3]. Although routine screening for scoliosis exposes adolescents to unnecessary radiographs, the potential benefits of early detection of scoliosis justify screening regimens [4]. According to the International Scientific Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment guidelines, bracing, specific physiotherapeutic exercises to prevent scoliosis progression during growth, specific physiotherapeutic exercises during brace treatment and surgical therapy, and other conservative treatments are often performed [5]. Recently, more attention is being paid to the restoration and maintenance of the normal sagittal plane and coronal alignments of the main thoracic curvature [6,7]. The treatment of AIS with pedicle screw internal fixation can achieve a curative effect in a clinical application [8]. Previous studies have focused on obtaining the maximum coronal and surgical correction for AIS to improve cosmesis and function [3,9]. A study of 273 cases reviewed by Trobisch et al [10] indicated that coronal balance was closely related to the degree of correction of lumbar vertebrae after operation, based on logistic regression analysis. Surgical treatment of scoliosis should account for the effect of self-tension in the coronal plane, as well as compensation arising from the imbalance of the body [11].

However, to the best of our knowledge, little research has used multivariate logistic regression analysis of the sagittal plane parameters in Lenke type 1 AIS. Sagittal balance is equally important compared with coronal balance in terms of the overall evaluation of AIS. Currently, more attention is being paid to achieving a proper sagittal balance because it is critical to the successful surgical management of AIS [12,13]. Two surgical methods for maintaining sagittal balance are used in the treatment of AIS, including anterior and posterior approaches [14,15]. Some literature has reported that the kyphotic angle of the thoracic vertebrae usually cannot be restored effectively. Lonstein and Winter [16] found that the posterior orthopedic procedure did not achieve the purpose of surgery in 60% of cases if the patient’s preoperative thoracic kyphosis (TK) was less than 20°. At present, pedicle screws are widely used in the surgical correction of scoliosis, but there is no consensus on postoperative TK. For example, one study reported that TK decreased after the operation [17], but another reported that TK increased [18].

Although many studies have assessed TK in AIS, no generalized consensus has been reached on whether its restoration can be achieved after spinal surgical correction [12–18]. In addition, there are no known reports on the multivariate logistic regression analysis of coronal and sagittal plane parameters in Lenke type 1 AIS. Therefore, this retrospective study aimed to identify the factors associated with successful surgical correction of TK in 43 patients with AIS with Lenke type 1 curvature, in which the major curve with the largest Cobb angle was mainly in the thoracic region.

Material and Methods

PATIENT POPULATION:

This study to review 43 consecutive cases with Lenke 1 AIS was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University. Each participant and his or her parents were informed, and written consent was obtained. According to a new classification system, Lenke types can be divided into 6 curve types: Lenke 1 (main thoracic curvature), Lenke 2 (double thoracic curvature), Lenke 3 (double main curvature), Lenke 4 (3 main curvatures), Lenke 5 (thoracic lumbar curvature/lumbar curvature), and Lenke 6 (thoracic lumbar curvature/lumbar bending-structural main thoracic curvature) [2]. According to the relationship of the center sacral vertical line to the apex of the lumbar curve, and the sagittal curve measurement from the 5th to the 12th thoracic level, the lumbar spine modifier can be classified as A, B, or C [2]. A sagittal thoracic modifier can be divided into – (<10°), N (10–40°), and + (>40°) [2]. These patients (18 females and 25 males) included 35 cases of Lenke 1A, 2 cases of Lenke 1B, and 6 cases of Lenke 1C. The patients underwent posterior correction and instrumental spinal fusion with pedicle screws between May 2012 and August 2017. The inclusion criteria were patients with Lenke 1 AIS of the main thoracic curvature, with at least 1-year follow-up, for whom complete standing whole spine radiographs were available. The exclusion criteria were patients with a previous medical history of spinal surgery and manipulations that might affect flexibility. The included cases were separated into 3 groups based on their preoperative TK; group A had thoracic hypokyphosis (TK <20°), group B had normal TK (TK 20–40°), and group C had thoracic hyperkyphosis (TK >40°). Additionally, the patients were also divided into 2 groups according to postoperative TK for further analysis of factors: group 1 with a TK angle <20° after surgery and group 2 with a TK angle between 20° and 40° after surgery. All patients’ informed consent was obtained before the project was started.

SURGICAL TECHNIQUE:

All surgeries were performed by 2 similarly trained senior surgeons at our medical facility. Patients were placed in a prone position for the posterior approach, and an incision was then made to expose the transverse processes, the bilateral lamina, and articular processes. A Ponte osteotomy was performed, and the lower vertebral articular process and the superior vertebral body articular process were removed with a rongeur, with resection of the ligamentum flavum. Pedicle screw insertion methods for scoliosis surgery were carried out by the freehand technique [19]. Key vertebral pedicle screw strategy was applied in this study, following the operative procedure in previous literature [8]. Long-segment fusion was performed in this study. The spinal cord was detected using somatosensory evoked potentials and motor evoked potentials for all patients. The diameter and length of the screw were evaluated preoperatively by CT scan and measured during the operation. Lifting tools were used to lift both ends toward the middle, followed by a slightly concave distraction and convex compression, and then used for the curvature correction. This procedure simultaneously corrected the axial balance through the proper rotation of the rod. There were no observed deviations from the screw placements planned before surgery.

RADIOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT:

A complete radiographic history consisting of preoperative and postoperative radiographs reviewed by certified radiologists was obtained. Two professional surgeons then used a picture archiving and communication system (Shenzhen Annet Information System, China) and Surgimap (Nemaris, Inc., New York, NY, USA) to take measurements, and the average value was obtained to avoid systematic deviations. The imaging data included the Cobb angle, side-bending Cobb angle, cervical lordosis (CL) [20], TK, lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI), sacral slope (SS), and pelvic tilt (PT) [21]. The distance parameters measured included the sagittal vertical axis (SVA) and the center of a C7 plumb line to the center sacral vertical line (C7-CSVL). The ratio was calculated as follows: flexibility (%)=(preoperative Cobb–side-bending Cobb)/preoperative Cobb×100%, and correction rate (%)=(preoperative Cobb–postoperative Cobb)/preoperative Cobb×100% [17]. Screw density was equal to the number of screws per fusion segment times 2.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:

All the indexes are expressed as the mean±standard deviation. Measurements were assessed twice by a third spinal surgeon who did not participate in any of the surgical procedures, and the average value of the 2 measurements was calculated. SPSS version 20 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, New York, USA) was used for statistical analysis. The t test for single-factor screening was used to compare measurement data between groups 1 and 2 by a normal distribution. Paired preoperative and postoperative data were tested by paired-sample t test. A nonparametric test was carried out if the data had a nonnormal distribution. Univariate analysis was done to examine whether there were indexes with significant difference, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted for further investigation of significant indicators. A P value of <0.05 was regarded as indicating statistical significance.

Results

This study included a total of 43 patients with Lenke 1 AIS (18 females and 25 males), with a mean Risser sign of 2.12±1.48. Among the reviewed cases, there were 35 cases of Lenke 1A, 2 cases of Lenke 1B, and 6 cases of Lenke 1C, with a mean age of 14.70±2.47 years (range 11 to 19 years). In addition, the averages for the length of the follow-up period, length of hospital stays, operative time, and the number of pedicle screws were 34.84±19.77 months (12–74 months), 12.95±3.16 days, 169.84±36.60 min, and 13.44±2.71 (Table 1). The mean Cobb angle of the main thoracic curvature of the 43 Lenke 1 AIS patients in the coronal plane was 62.65±15.80° before surgery and 21.33±9.47° after surgical correction (Table 1). The correction rate acquired was 66.11%, and the preoperative flexibility was 45.77%. Orthopaedic effects can be seen (Figures 1, 2). A comparison of data between the preoperative and postoperative Cobb angles of the main thoracic curvature demonstrated a statistically significant result (P<0.001) (Figure 3A). Similarly, a statistical difference in TK was found between preoperative TK of 19.16±12.77° and postoperative TK of 23.12±7.45° (Figure 3D; P<0.05). Other statistically significant indicators, including C7-CSVL (P<0.05), SVA (P<0.05), CL (P<0.05), and PT (P<0.05), are presented in Table 2 and Figure 3. Preoperative LL (51.35±11.18°) and postoperative LL (50.33±11.37°) were not significantly different (P=0.317). Other statistically insignificant indicators, including SS and PI, are shown in Table 2.

All patients were divided into 3 groups according to their preoperative TK to investigate the restoration of postoperative TK: group A had 25 patients, group B had 15 patients, and group C had 3 patients. The TK of the 25 patients in group A increased from 10.28±4.53° to 20.52±6.17°, and the preoperative TK and the last follow-up TK had a statistically significant difference in this group (P<0.001) (Figure 4A). However, comparisons for PI and LL before and after the operation did not reveal a significant difference for either parameter in group A. Similarly, a statistically significant difference was found in group C for the comparison of the preoperative TK (48.33±9.45°) and the postoperative TK (33.67±6.03°; P<0.05; Figure 4C). However, group C did not have any significant difference in comparisons for either PI or LL before and after the operation. The preoperative and postoperative findings for group B had no statistically significant differences for TK, LL, and PI (Table 3, Figure 4B).

Additionally, the patients were divided into 2 groups according to postoperative TK; group 1 included 16 patients, and group 2 had 27 patients. Statistical differences were not observed for weight, age, height, sex, or Risser sign between the 2 groups (Table 4). Meanwhile, no significant difference was found in the number of pedicle screws, hospital days, operative time, or follow-up time in a comparison of the 2 groups (Table 4).

Univariate analysis showed that there was no statistical difference between group 1 and group 2 (P>0.05), nor was there any difference in the preoperative parameters C7-CSVL, SVA, CL, PI, SS, PT, Cobb angle, and side-bending Cobb angle. In a comparison of group 1 and group 2, there was no statistical difference in the following postoperative parameters: CL, LL, PI, SS, PT, Cobb angle, C7-CSVL, SVA, flexibility, correction rate, fudensity. However, a univariate anal sion segment, and screwysis of parameters between group 1 and group 2 showed statistical significances in preoperative TK (P<0.05), preoperative LL (P<0.01), and Ponte osteotomy (P<0.01) (Table 5).

The parameters with statistically significant differences in the univariate analyses were subsequently included in a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Preoperative LL and Ponte osteotomy were noted to have statistically significant differences in the multivariate analysis (P<0.05) (Table 6).

Discussion

AIS generally involves multiple deformed planes, with not only coronal curvature and a decrease or increase of sagittal kyphosis on X-ray, but also an obvious axial rotation on CT [1]. A variety of surgical options are available in clinical surgery based on preoperative flexibility [22]. There are numerous studies on Lenke type 1 AIS regarding the types of curvature; the anatomical locations, structural features, and other features; and its natural history [1,2,23]. Several previous studies have focused on the coronal balance in AIS patients; however, there are no known reports on the independent factors that favor normal TK for Lenke 1 AIS. Consequently, no consensus has been reached on whether effective restoration of TK can be attained after spinal correction.

In this study, the mean Cobb angle of the main thoracic curvature decreased from 62.65±15.80° preoperatively to 21.33±9.47° postoperatively. The correction rate acquired was 66.11%. Satisfactory correction rates reported previously were based on the comparison of preoperative and postoperative results for 5 years, with 73% in one paper and 72.7% in another [24,25]. The difference could be because TK is mainly related to the shape and orientation of the thoracic vertebrae and intervertebral discs, while the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum help to enforce a relatively stable thoracic contour through bone or cartilage connections [26]. Although the cases reviewed for this study had follow-up for at least 1 year, the findings of the main thoracic curvature correction rate and those in other studies did not vary too much. However, a higher curvature correction rate might be achieved with prolonged follow-up time.

In this study, we found that the use of a pedicle screw system achieved a relatively satisfactory outcome for TK restoration, but previous studies debated the validity and value of TK restoration using a pedicle screw system. Different points of view were apparent in multiple groups of studies according to Liu et al [27], with the result that TK was increased in one set of follow-up data, but decreased in another. Similar results were reported in another study on pedicle screw therapy, where there was not a statistically significant difference between the preoperative and postoperative TK [28,29]. However, when Liu et al [27] analyzed data from different hospitals, they found that TK decreased after surgical correction. Postoperative TK was reported to decrease when segmental pedicle screw instrumentation was used for posterior correction owing to various factors, such as prone positioning, compressing maneuver, screw density, and direct vertebral derotation [30,31]. Nevertheless, Tao et al [18] reported that TK increased from before to after surgical correction, although the position of terminal fusion was different [18]. Similarly, a review of 92 cases by Dumpa et al [32] showed satisfactory recovery of TK in all groups of studies. The results of the current study showed that TK increased in comparison with preoperative and postoperative TK, and the sagittal plane was effectively restored. In this study, an increase in TK might cause a compensatory increase in CL and PT, so that the LL change was not obvious. This result was consistent with the results of the study by Roussouly et al [33]. TK was positively correlated with the increase of CL in the hypokyphotic group, and increased PT could maintain the patient’s spinal balance in lower PI [34].

The results of the current study demonstrated that preoperative TK, preoperative LL, and Ponte osteotomy were related factors for maintaining normal TK. Multivariate analysis suggested that preoperative LL and the use of Ponte osteotomy with full-thickness segmental resection of the spinal posterior column, resulted in successful surgical correction of TK in patients with AIS with Lenke type 1 curvature. With thoracic pedicle screw instrumentation used as the primary anchor, the Ponte procedure was successfully performed in 17 patients in a previous study [35]. In the process of osteotomy, the posterior skeletal structure of the spine is loosened, and the flexible structure of the spine is increased [36]. For patients with thoracic hypokyphosis, the orthopedics are appropriately extended. For patients with hyperkyphosis, proper orthopedics are performed to effectively maintain the sagittal plane of the spine balance. Feng et al [34] studied the sagittal balance of osteotomy and nonbone, and found that both groups could maintain TK. However, the TK correction angle in the osteotomy group was better than in the nonbone group, with the result of reducing the TK of patients with hyperkyphosis and increasing the TK of patients with thoracic hypokyphosis [34]. The Ponte osteotomy orthopedic technique was performed by Zhang et al [37], who achieved a coronal correction rate and sagittal correction rate of 57.73% and 41.23%, respectively. Ponte osteotomy was found to be an effective orthopedic treatment for patients with scoliosis [37]. Some patients in the current study underwent Ponte osteotomy, and the results showed that Ponte osteotomy was beneficial to maintain the normal curvature of TK. Further research is needed to increase the number of Ponte osteotomy cases.

In addition, the results of this study found that a larger preoperative LL surgery was conducive to maintaining the normal curvature of TK. A study review by Matsumoto et al [38] found evidence for a correlation between the decrease of TK and a decrease of LL [38]. Another study exploring the relationship between them also clearly stated that the findings followed the expected outcomes, and it additionally revealed that TK was closely connected to age [39]. Similarly, clinical imaging data from 180 cases indicated that the TK angle is connected to age to a certain extent before entering adulthood [40]. However, this study could not establish that TK was correlated with age. Also, the results of the univariate analysis did not reveal any significant difference between the proportion of pedicle screws and postoperative TK. These findings were confirmed by a pervious review of 269 cases in which a weak negative correlation was found between maintenance of TK balance and the number of implanting pedicle screws [6].

Several limitations should be considered in the current study, including the insufficient statistical power due to the relatively small number of cases reviewed. This article aimed to investigate the factors in maintaining normal TK in the coronal and sagittal parameters, but it did not include enough parameters such as axial position parameters and surgical segments. Since some of the reviewed cases underwent radiographic scans in other hospitals before their referral, those imaging data were not available for the current study. Also, even though all operations were conducted by 2 experienced surgeons, there might still have been some slight differences in their approaches. And finally, this study was a single-center retrospective study; therefore, a multicentered prospective study is needed to confirm the findings.

Conclusions

The results revealed that a normal TK could be effectively maintained after surgical correction. We found that preoperative TK, preoperative LL, and Ponte osteotomy were related factors for maintaining a normal TK. Multivariate analysis suggested that preoperative LL and the use of Ponte osteotomy with full-thickness segmental resection of the spinal posterior column resulted in successful surgical correction of TK in patients with AIS with Lenke type 1 curvature.

Figures

Representative case 1: an 18-year-old man with Lenke 1A adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. (A) Preoperative standing film showed a 15-mm center of a C7 plumb line to the center sacral vertical line (C7-CSVL) and a 60.1° main thoracic curve Cobb angle in the coronal plane. (B) Preoperative standing film showed a 27-mm sagittal vertical axis (SVA), 1.8° cervical lordosis (CL), 8.5° thoracic kyphosis (TK), 41.2° lumbar lordosis (LL), 48.8° pelvic incidence (PI), 39.6°sacral slope (SS), and 9.2° pelvic tilt (PT) in the sagittal plane. (C) Preoperative side-bending Cobb angle was 37.9°. (D) At 6 months after posterior thoracic fusion, the postoperative standing film showed a 3.8-mm C7-CSVL and a 26.3° main thoracic curve Cobb angle. (E) At 6 months after posterior thoracic fusion, the postoperative standing film showed a 29.4-mm SVA, 1.4° CL, 19.1° TK, 49° LL, 42.8° PI, 31.2° SS, and 11.6° PT. (F) At the last follow-up, the postoperative standing film showed a 0.9-mm C7-CSVL and a 21.5° main thoracic curve Cobb angle. (G) At the last follow-up, the postoperative standing film showed a 22.2-mm SVA, 2.5° CL, 20.5° TK, 52.3° LL, 41.4° PI, 33.8° SS, and 7.2° PT.Figure 1. Representative case 1: an 18-year-old man with Lenke 1A adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. (A) Preoperative standing film showed a 15-mm center of a C7 plumb line to the center sacral vertical line (C7-CSVL) and a 60.1° main thoracic curve Cobb angle in the coronal plane. (B) Preoperative standing film showed a 27-mm sagittal vertical axis (SVA), 1.8° cervical lordosis (CL), 8.5° thoracic kyphosis (TK), 41.2° lumbar lordosis (LL), 48.8° pelvic incidence (PI), 39.6°sacral slope (SS), and 9.2° pelvic tilt (PT) in the sagittal plane. (C) Preoperative side-bending Cobb angle was 37.9°. (D) At 6 months after posterior thoracic fusion, the postoperative standing film showed a 3.8-mm C7-CSVL and a 26.3° main thoracic curve Cobb angle. (E) At 6 months after posterior thoracic fusion, the postoperative standing film showed a 29.4-mm SVA, 1.4° CL, 19.1° TK, 49° LL, 42.8° PI, 31.2° SS, and 11.6° PT. (F) At the last follow-up, the postoperative standing film showed a 0.9-mm C7-CSVL and a 21.5° main thoracic curve Cobb angle. (G) At the last follow-up, the postoperative standing film showed a 22.2-mm SVA, 2.5° CL, 20.5° TK, 52.3° LL, 41.4° PI, 33.8° SS, and 7.2° PT. Representative case 2: a 13-year-old girl with Lenke 1A adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. (A) Preoperative standing film showed an 18-mm center of a C7 plumb line to the center sacral vertical line (C7-CSVL) and a 68.2° main thoracic curve Cobb angle in the coronal plane. (B) Preoperative standing film showed a 26-mm sagittal vertical axis (SVA), 16.2° cervical lordosis (CL), 23.1° thoracic kyphosis (TK), 44.7° lumbar lordosis (LL), 43.7° pelvic incidence (PI), 36.2° sacral slope (SS), and 7.7° pelvic tilt (PT) in the sagittal plane. (C) Preoperative side-bending Cobb angle was 20.1°. (D) At 6 months after posterior thoracic fusion, the postoperative standing film showed a 3-mm C7-CSVL and a 10.7° main thoracic curve Cobb angle. (E) At 6 months after posterior thoracic fusion, the postoperative standing film showed an 8-mm SVA, 10.6° CL, 27.5° TK, 43.2° LL, 35° PI, 25.6° SS, and 9.4°PT. (F) At the last follow-up, the postoperative standing film showed a 2-mm C7-CSVL and an 8.4° main thoracic curve Cobb angle. (G) At the last follow-up, the postoperative standing film showed a 17-mm SVA, 6.3° CL, 24.2° TK, 50.3° LL, 39.2° PI, 38.1° SS, and 1.1° PT.Figure 2. Representative case 2: a 13-year-old girl with Lenke 1A adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. (A) Preoperative standing film showed an 18-mm center of a C7 plumb line to the center sacral vertical line (C7-CSVL) and a 68.2° main thoracic curve Cobb angle in the coronal plane. (B) Preoperative standing film showed a 26-mm sagittal vertical axis (SVA), 16.2° cervical lordosis (CL), 23.1° thoracic kyphosis (TK), 44.7° lumbar lordosis (LL), 43.7° pelvic incidence (PI), 36.2° sacral slope (SS), and 7.7° pelvic tilt (PT) in the sagittal plane. (C) Preoperative side-bending Cobb angle was 20.1°. (D) At 6 months after posterior thoracic fusion, the postoperative standing film showed a 3-mm C7-CSVL and a 10.7° main thoracic curve Cobb angle. (E) At 6 months after posterior thoracic fusion, the postoperative standing film showed an 8-mm SVA, 10.6° CL, 27.5° TK, 43.2° LL, 35° PI, 25.6° SS, and 9.4°PT. (F) At the last follow-up, the postoperative standing film showed a 2-mm C7-CSVL and an 8.4° main thoracic curve Cobb angle. (G) At the last follow-up, the postoperative standing film showed a 17-mm SVA, 6.3° CL, 24.2° TK, 50.3° LL, 39.2° PI, 38.1° SS, and 1.1° PT. Comparison of parameters before and after surgery: (A) Cobb, (B) the center of a C7 plumb line to the center sacral vertical line (C7-CSVL), (C) sagittal vertical axis (SVA), and (D) thoracic kyphosis (TK).Figure 3. Comparison of parameters before and after surgery: (A) Cobb, (B) the center of a C7 plumb line to the center sacral vertical line (C7-CSVL), (C) sagittal vertical axis (SVA), and (D) thoracic kyphosis (TK). Comparison of thoracic kyphosis (TK): (A) group A (TK <20°), (B) group B (TK 20–40°), and (C) group C (TK > 40°).Figure 4. Comparison of thoracic kyphosis (TK): (A) group A (TK <20°), (B) group B (TK 20–40°), and (C) group C (TK > 40°).

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Figures

Figure 1. Representative case 1: an 18-year-old man with Lenke 1A adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. (A) Preoperative standing film showed a 15-mm center of a C7 plumb line to the center sacral vertical line (C7-CSVL) and a 60.1° main thoracic curve Cobb angle in the coronal plane. (B) Preoperative standing film showed a 27-mm sagittal vertical axis (SVA), 1.8° cervical lordosis (CL), 8.5° thoracic kyphosis (TK), 41.2° lumbar lordosis (LL), 48.8° pelvic incidence (PI), 39.6°sacral slope (SS), and 9.2° pelvic tilt (PT) in the sagittal plane. (C) Preoperative side-bending Cobb angle was 37.9°. (D) At 6 months after posterior thoracic fusion, the postoperative standing film showed a 3.8-mm C7-CSVL and a 26.3° main thoracic curve Cobb angle. (E) At 6 months after posterior thoracic fusion, the postoperative standing film showed a 29.4-mm SVA, 1.4° CL, 19.1° TK, 49° LL, 42.8° PI, 31.2° SS, and 11.6° PT. (F) At the last follow-up, the postoperative standing film showed a 0.9-mm C7-CSVL and a 21.5° main thoracic curve Cobb angle. (G) At the last follow-up, the postoperative standing film showed a 22.2-mm SVA, 2.5° CL, 20.5° TK, 52.3° LL, 41.4° PI, 33.8° SS, and 7.2° PT.Figure 2. Representative case 2: a 13-year-old girl with Lenke 1A adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. (A) Preoperative standing film showed an 18-mm center of a C7 plumb line to the center sacral vertical line (C7-CSVL) and a 68.2° main thoracic curve Cobb angle in the coronal plane. (B) Preoperative standing film showed a 26-mm sagittal vertical axis (SVA), 16.2° cervical lordosis (CL), 23.1° thoracic kyphosis (TK), 44.7° lumbar lordosis (LL), 43.7° pelvic incidence (PI), 36.2° sacral slope (SS), and 7.7° pelvic tilt (PT) in the sagittal plane. (C) Preoperative side-bending Cobb angle was 20.1°. (D) At 6 months after posterior thoracic fusion, the postoperative standing film showed a 3-mm C7-CSVL and a 10.7° main thoracic curve Cobb angle. (E) At 6 months after posterior thoracic fusion, the postoperative standing film showed an 8-mm SVA, 10.6° CL, 27.5° TK, 43.2° LL, 35° PI, 25.6° SS, and 9.4°PT. (F) At the last follow-up, the postoperative standing film showed a 2-mm C7-CSVL and an 8.4° main thoracic curve Cobb angle. (G) At the last follow-up, the postoperative standing film showed a 17-mm SVA, 6.3° CL, 24.2° TK, 50.3° LL, 39.2° PI, 38.1° SS, and 1.1° PT.Figure 3. Comparison of parameters before and after surgery: (A) Cobb, (B) the center of a C7 plumb line to the center sacral vertical line (C7-CSVL), (C) sagittal vertical axis (SVA), and (D) thoracic kyphosis (TK).Figure 4. Comparison of thoracic kyphosis (TK): (A) group A (TK <20°), (B) group B (TK 20–40°), and (C) group C (TK > 40°).

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