Background: Recently, the ZEUS™ Robotic Surgical System has been introduced to increase the precision of endoscopic cardiac surgery. This study investigated its clinical use for endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting.
Material/Methods: Between 1998 and 2001, 41 patients with single and multivessel disease were operated on using the ZEUS™ system. The robotic system was introduced step by step into clinical practice. Initially, the system was used only for endoscopic internal mammary artery (IMA) harvest (n=12), later for coronary anastomoses on the arrested (n=13) or beating heart after median sternotomy (n=6), and finally for endoscopic coronary bypass grafting on either the arrested (n=2) or beating heart (n=8).
Results: Endoscopic IMA harvest ranged from 48 to 110 min and was completed in all cases. In the sternotomy group, the robotic anastomosis time averaged 21 min on the arrested and 25 min on the beating heart, respectively (n.s.). In the endoscopic cases, the average time for endoscopic anastomosis was 41 min on the arrested and 36.5 min on the beating heart (n.s.), with an overall duration of surgery between 4.0 and 8.0 hours. One endoscopic case was intraoperatively converted to a MIDCAB procedure with manual anastomosis. The total patency rate of all graft anastomoses, confirmed by early postoperative angiographic control, was 97%. One patient underwent reoperation with an uneventful postoperative course.
Conclusions: The present study demonstrates the feasibility of endoscopic coronary revascularization using a computer-assisted surgical robotic system on the arrested and beating heart in selected patients.

Keywords: robotic surgery, Computer-assisted surgery, endoscopic coronary artery bypass