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26 May 2020 : Editorial  

Potential Immunoregulatory and Antiviral/SARS-CoV-2 Activities of Nitric Oxide

George B. Stefano12ABCDEF*, Tobias Esch3ABCDEF, Richard M. Kream2ABCDEF

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.925679

Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e925679

Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO) represents a key signaling molecule in multiple regulatory pathways underlying vascular, metabolic, immune, and neurological function across animal phyla. Our brief critical discussion is focused on the multiple roles of the NO signaling pathways in the maintenance of basal physiological states of readiness in diverse cell types mediating innate immunological functions and in the facilitation of proinflammatory-mediated adaptive immunological responses associated with viral infections. Prior studies have reinforced the critical importance of constitutive NO signaling pathways in the homeostatic maintenance of the vascular endothelium, and state-dependent changes in innate immunological responses have been associated with a functional override of NO-mediated inhibitory tone. Accordingly, convergent lines of evidence suggest that dysregulation of NO signaling pathways, as well as canonical oxidative effects of inducible NO, may provide a permissive cellular environment for viral entry and replication. In immunologically compromised individuals, functional override and chronic rundown of inhibitory NO signaling systems promote aberrant expression of unregulated proinflammatory pathways resulting in widespread metabolic insufficiencies and structural damage to autonomous cellular and organ structures. We contend that restoration of normative NO tone via combined pharmaceutical, dietary, or complex behavioral interventions may partially reverse deleterious physiological conditions brought about by viral infection linked to unregulated adaptive immune responses.

Keywords: COVID-19, Inflammation, Mitochondria, Nitric Oxide, Animals, Antiviral Agents, Humans, Oxidation-Reduction, SARS Virus, Signal Transduction

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Medical Science Monitor eISSN: 1643-3750
Medical Science Monitor eISSN: 1643-3750