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10 February 2025: Lab/In Vitro Research  

Comparison of Color Stability Between Single-Shade and Conventional Composite Resins Following Immersion in Staining Solutions of Coffee, Cola, and Distilled Water

Abdullah Alshehri1ABCDE*, Sultan Binalrimal2BEFG, Luluh Alrumi3ABCDEFG, Yara Y. Alhabeeb3ABCDEFG, Lames Esam Murshid3ABCDEFG, Feras Alhalabi ORCID logo1BDF, Abdullah Ali Alqahtani1BDF, Mohammed Mustafa ORCID logo1BDEF

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.946784

Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e946784

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Abstract

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BACKGROUND: This in vitro study aimed to compare the color stability and the effect of polishing on single-shade and conventional resin-based composite after immersion in commonly consumed beverages over certain time intervals.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: We prepared 120-disc specimens using 2 universal single-shade and 2 conventional composite resins (n=30) and then each group was divided into 3 groups of solutions (n=10/solution): distilled water, coffee, and cola. To mimick the clinical situation, polishing with the Soflex system was performed. Color stability measurement was recorded for every specimen after 1 week (T1), 1 month (T2), and after polishing (T3) after immersion in staining solutions. Color stability was assessed by using the clinical spectrophotometer (Color-Eye 7000A, Greta Macbeth, USA). Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 25, and comparisons between groups were made with the value of significance kept under 0.05 (P>0.05).

RESULTS: Color changes after 1 week, after 1 month, and after polishing showed a high significant difference in all parameters (L, a and b) as P value <.05. Pair-wise comparison was done using the Mann-Whitney test, which confirmed the significant difference between coffee vs (distilled water vs cola) in all parameters (L,a,b) (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitation of this in vitro study, it can be concluded that the different solutions used affected the color stability of all the different composites used, with the coffee solution showing greater color change than cola and distilled water. Additionally, polishing may affect the composite surface’s quality, which suggests that polishing can change the color of composite resins.

Keywords: Color, Color Perception, Composite Resins, Solutions, Staining and Labeling

Introduction

Resin-based composites are one of the most widely used materials in dental practice because of their easy handling, moderate cost, and adequate tooth-like esthetic appearance, intended to resemble the natural tooth function and smoothness over time. However, the main drawback of resin composite is color stability when exposed to a challenging oral environment that leads to failure and replacement [1–3]. Resin-based composites have been improved during the past years with advancements made regarding their strength, wear resistance, handling, polishability, and aesthetics [3]. In consequence, the different types of resin composites can be classified based on filler size and shape, as earlier composites with larger, irregular-shaped fillers provided strength but resulted in poor polishability and color stability. After that, a hybrid and microfills were developed, which provide restoration with the desired strength and good polishability. Thereafter, microhybrids and nanohybrids were developed and are widely used in almost all direct applications as improvements in strength and polishability were achieved. They provide strength and meet esthetic demand [4]. The discoloration of restorations is usually affected by the size of the filler particles, and it has been proven that restorations made with finer particles usually exhibit less staining [3,4].

Color stability of composite resins has become a critical demand for most patients and one of the most common causes for replacing a restoration is unfavorable color change, which is usually caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors [1–3]. The intrinsic factors are usually material-related factors that include the type of initiators, monomers, inhibitor agents, filler size, and the polymerization system; therefore, their effects are irreversible [1–3,5]. Conversely, extrinsic factors such as plaque accumulation, smoking, and absorption of staining solutions (eg, coffee, tea, cola) can be reversible and removed by polishing [1–3]. Previous studies have shown that routinely consumed foods and beverages have a predictable impact on the color stability of composite resin restorations over time [1–3,5].

Finishing and polishing is a critical step that provides the restoration with a smoother surface, which provides less microbial adhesion and thereby improves durability and esthetic outcome [6,7]. This can be seen in the presence of different protocols, such as one-step systems or multiple-step systems. The one-step system includes diamond-impregnated cups, aluminium, silicon oxide disks, silicon carbide brushes, and ComposiPro one-step brush. Multiple-step systems include fine and superfine diamond rotary cutting instruments, aluminium oxide abrasive disks, diamond- and silicon-impregnated soft rubber cups, disks, and OptiShine. However, according to the manufacturers, the one-step polishing systems can be used as a single instrument for both finishing and polishing procedures [7].

A recent introduction to the market is a novelty development that came up with a new composite material that provides a single shade that can universally match any tooth color on the VITA shade guide from A1 to D4. This new generation of material helps clinicians to simplify the shade selection process and can be used on posterior or anterior teeth while providing both strength and esthetic properties [4].

This in vitro study was conducted to assess color-changing patterns that can influence the clinician’s selection of restorative materials All these various combinations warrant evaluation and comparison under the same experimental conditions. Thus, the aim of this study was (i) to compare the color stability between single-shade and conventional composite resin after being subjected to commonl consumed beverages over time and (ii) to determine the effect of polishing on the staining susceptibility of single-shade and conventional composite after being subjected to common daily beverages over time. The first null hypothesis was there is no difference between single-shade and conventional resin composite on color stability, while the second null hypothesis was there is no influence of polishing on staining susceptibility.

Material and Methods

ETHICS APPROVAL:

IRB permission was obtained from Riyadh Elm University with registration number: FIRP/2021/110/620/593 before the start of the study. Four types of composite materials were used to assess the color stability and influence of polishing after immersion into 3 different staining solutions over time. Two types of universal single-shade composite resin and 2 types of conventional composite resin were tested (Table 1).

STUDY SAMPLE:

We prepared a total of 120 specimens from the 4 different types of composite materials. Group A was Omnichroma resin-based restorative material by Tokuyama, Group B was ESTELITE SIGMA QUICK® by Tokuyama, Group C was 3M™ Filtek™ Universal Restorative material, and Group D was 3M™ Filtek™ Z350 XT. Thirty specimens of each group were immersed in each of 3 different staining solutions (10 samples/solution) (Figure 1).

SPECIMEN PREPARATION:

Starting with specimen preparation, a metallic mold was used to prepare the 120-disc specimens for each type of composite resin. The mold dimensions are (12 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness). The distance between the specimen and the light cure tip was 8 mm. The mold was placed on top of a glass slab (ShandonTM Polysine Slides, Thermo Scientific, Kalamazoo, MI, USA) with a mylar strip (Dental Mylar Strips, Dent America Inc., City of Industry, CA, USA) to provide a uniform surface for all specimens. Then, materials were injected and compressed within the metallic mold and overlaid with another glass slab with a mylar strip to standardize the thickness and build a uniform surface. After that, each specimen was light-cured for 20 seconds by putting the light tip 8 mm away using an LED curing light (Elipar S10, 3M ESPE, Seefeld, with a centre wavelength of 455±10 nm, Germany) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The bottom of the specimen was light-cured and marked to determine the bottom side, so only the top side was measured for the color stability assessment. In addition, the top side of each specimen was finished to a flat surface using #600, #800, and #1200 grit silicon carbide papers (standard finished surface) with tap water. To mimick the clinical situation, polishing with Soflex system (Soflex™ Extra-Thin Polishing Discs 12.7 mm: 30 each of 2382C (Coarse); 2382M (Medium); 2382F (Fine); 2382SF (Superfine), 3M ESPE, St. Paul, USA) with slow-speed handpiece was accomplished according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Table 2).

EXPERIMENT CONDUCTED:

The specimens were then stored in distilled water (pH 6.8) at room temperature (25°C) before the experiment. Consequently, the specimens from each of the 4 materials were then divided into 3 groups of staining solutions: distilled water as control media (pH 6.8), coffee (Nestlé, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) and cola (The Coca-Cola Co, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) (Table 3). All the solutions were kept in a closed individual container containing 100 ml of solution and were replaced with freshly prepared solution every week (Figure 2).

Accordingly, baseline measurements of color stability were done before the tooth-whitening treatment (T0), all specimens were rinsed with distilled water and dried using a blotted paper. Following that, color stability measurement for every specimen was recorded after a 1-week tooth whitening protocol (T1), after 1-month tooth whitening protocol (T2), and after polishing (T3) of immersion in discoloring solutions (Figure 3).

MEASUREMENTS:

Color stability was assessed using a clinical spectrophotometer (Color-Eye 7000A, GretagMacbeth, New York, USA), and all color measurements were conducted following the manufacturer’s instructions against a white reference background relative to the standard illumination D65 (daylight). The spectrophotometer was calibrated using tiles from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) using a dual-beam pulsed xenon light source.

The spectrophotometer’s spectral range was 360–750 nm, and its wavelength interval was 10 nm. Measurements of reflectance were conducted at a 45° angle with internal illumination set at 0°. All the samples were shown against the background of the sample holder’s trap latch. Color change values were calculated in the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairege using L*a*b* color space (CIE L*a*b*) by finding ΔE. The total color change (ΔE) was calculated for each specimen relative to its baseline color using the color difference formula: ΔE=(ΔL2 + Δa 2 + Δb 2) 0.5.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:

Comparisons were made between distilled water, cola, and coffee across 4 main groups (A, B, C, and D) in details starting from baseline color utill after polishing. All parameters (L,a,b) were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, then pair-wise comparisons were done using the Mann-Whitney test.

Results

COMPARISON BETWEEN SUBGROUPS (DISTILLED WATER VS COLA VS COFFEE) IN GROUP A:

Table 4 shows the comparison between subgroups (distilled water vs Cola vs coffee) in group A. At the baseline, there was no significant difference in relation to baseline color (T0) with all its parameters (L0,a0 and b0) as p value is (H=1.5, p=0.46), (H=0.45, p=0.79), (H=0.17, p=0.91) respectively. Color change after 1 week, after 1 month, and after polishing, showed a statistical significant difference with all its parameters (L,a,b) as p value <.05, pair-wise comparison using the Mann-Whitney test confirmed that significant difference was observed between Coffee Vs (Distilled water Vs Cola) in all parameters (L,a,b).

COMPARISON BETWEEN SUBGROUPS (DISTILLED WATER VS COLA VS COFFEE) IN GROUP B:

Table 5 shows the comparison between subgroups (distilled water vs cola vs coffee) in group B. At baseline, there was no significant difference in baseline color (T0) with all its parameters (L0,a0 and b0) as p value is (H=1.5, p=0.46), (H=0.45, p=0.79), (H=0.17, p=0.91) respectively. Color change after 1 week, after 1 month, and after polishing, showed a statistical significant difference with all its parameters (L,a,b) as p value <.05, pair-wise comparison was done using Mann-Whitney test.

COMPARISON BETWEEN SUBGROUPS (DISTILLED WATER VS COLA VS COFFEE) IN GROUP C:

Table 6 shows the comparison between subgroups (distilled water vs cola vs coffee) in group C. At baseline, there was no statistical significant difference in relation to baseline color (T0) with all its parameters (L0, a0, and b0) as p value is (H=0.47, p=0.977), (H=3.6, p=0.164), (H=1.4, p=0.49), respectively, while color changes after 1 week, after 1 month, and after polishing, showed a statistical significant difference with all its parameters (L,a,b) with p value <.05, pair-wise comparison was done using Mann-Whitney test.

COMPARISON BETWEEN SUBGROUPS (DISTILLED WATER VS COLA VS COFFEE) IN GROUP D:

Table 7 shows the comparison between subgroups as regards to color after 1 week, after 1 month, and after polishing. There was a statistical significant difference with all its parameters (L,a,b) as p value <.05, pair-wise comparison was done using Mann-Whitney test, which confirmed that there is a significance difference observed between coffee vs (distilled water vs cola) in all parameters (L,a,b).

Discussion

Dental composite restoration is frequently used as an esthetic restorative material. Color is becoming an increasingly significant factor since color perception has a great influence on individual psychological performance, so it is crucial to validate and evaluate the color stability of composite restoration. Over time, composite restoration color can alter for a variety of reasons [8]. The color stability of composite resins is influenced by the resin matrix, filler dimensions, polymerization depth, color factor, and chemical differences in the resin components, such as the purity of the monomers and oligomers, as well as the type or concentration of the activator, inhibitor, and oxidation of the carbon bonding [9].

The present study aimed to compare the color stability of single-shade composite in relation to conventional composite, in which properties of each original manufacturer were looked at, in terms of staining susceptibility of different types of solutions within different time intervals. This was done to simulate the various oral habits and routines. A clinical simulation was developed in the current study, in which the samples were immersed in the coffee solution which was maintained at a temperature of (80°C), the cola solution at (4°C), and distilled water at room temperature (25°C) for optimal results.

Consequently, single-shade composite and conventional composite were used to evaluate the different outcomes. Our study aimed to determine whether coffee and cola, 2 widely consumed beverages, have a staining effect on color stability in 4 distinct types of composite resins, similar to the studies assessing staining caused by coffee and green tea, which caused visually perceptible color changes on the composite resins that continued over time [9,10].

Polishing can influence the quality of the composite surface, which implies that the polishing process can cause the color of composite resins to alter [10]. Surface roughness, which is linked to initial discoloration and surface conditions, may be influenced by finishing and polishing techniques [11]. For standardization, all samples in the current study were polished under identical conditions. This was done to reduce surface roughness and guarantee that the color change calculated was attributable to the composite resin’s intrinsic properties [12]. All materials were prepared equally and polished using the same polishing system Soflex (3M ESPE, St. Paul, USA) with low-speed handpiece due to the advantage of having higher Knoop hardness, high filler surface, and high resistance to chemical degradation [13].

Color changes can be recognized either by the naked eye or by specific instruments. Because determining color parameter values is challenging, a spectrophotometric reference system was used since it has demonstrated high-precision measurements [14]. In this study, CIE L*a*b* was used to accurately capture small color discrepancies. Earlier studies have shown that ΔE values <1 are not perceptible by the human eye. ΔE levels between 1 to 3.3 are clinically acceptable, but ΔE values more than 3.3 are not acceptable [15–18]. In this study, ΔE values demonstrated unacceptable clinical color match as all groups showed beyond acceptable color threshold values. In our study, the effects of composite type and solution type on color stability were significant (p<0.05), while the interaction impact of these 2 factors on a*, b*, L*, and ΔE was not significant (p>0.05).

The outcomes of this study showed that all the solutions affected color stability. The results after 1 week showed that group D Cola had the lowest score of (ΔE=0.34) and the highest was recorded for group C coffee at a rate of (ΔE=8.86). After 1 month of immersion, group D in Coca-Cola had the least change (ΔE=0.64), whereas group C in coffee had the greatest change (ΔE=13.67). Moreover, the significant difference in color stability was observed in the coffee solution then compared to other solutions (P<0.001). Coffee had a significantly higher ΔE in the first weeks, which was much greater than the ΔE for the other 2 (02) solutions. With regards to polishing at 1 week, the lowest score was for group D (ΔE=1.145) in distilled water as opposed to the highest, which was in group C (ΔE=8.32) in coffee.

While all composite resins in this study showed some degree of staining, different degrees of staining were influenced by factors including the type of staining solution, pigment quantity, and the power of hydrogen (pH) value [19]. Cola, with a pH of 2.6, did not induce as much color change as coffee did, with a pH of 5, despite containing the lowest pH of the discoloration solutions tested. This is likely because it does not include any yellow colorants. Cola may potentially cause more deterioration than coffee does [20]. It is probably possible that the composite resin surface was impacted by the reduced pH, enhancing pigment absorption. The adsorption and penetration of dyes and pigments into the organic phase of the materials are presumably what causes the interaction of the polymer phase with the yellow coffee colorants. Concerning distilled water solution, water sorption reduces the durability of composite resins due to 2 main factors: the plasticization of the resin and the development of microcracks at the matrix-filler interface, which advance and change the color [21].

A recent study demonstrated notable variations in the composite color changes following immersion in different beverages. Depending on the beverage the specimens were submerged in, the color differences varied considerably. Significant differences were found between the original contrast ratio and the materials under examination, which highlight the impact of common beverages on the color stability of single-shade composite resins restorations [22], which agrees with the results of our study.

Another recent investigation on single-shade composites revealed a larger discoloration potential, with statistically significant variations in color change from the turmeric solution, energy drink, and soy sauce compared to the multi-shade composites (p<0.005). Color stability was not significantly affected by polymerization time. Following immersion in staining agents, single-shade composites displayed greater color change than multi-shade systems, and color variations were unaffected by curing time [23]. The results were similar to the results of our study.

Our current study findings give information on the color stability of 3M™ Filtek™ Universal, Omnichroma, 3M™ Filtek™ Z350, and ESTELITE SIGMA QUICK composites, as well as the discoloring potential of various commonly consumed beverages. Moreover, the filler content appears to be crucial for the stability of the composite color [23]. For the ideal result, in our study, all types of composites that were tested were nanofilled. Furthermore, a smaller filler size may help to reduce staining and improve the esthetic appearance.

Most relevant in vitro studies have certain inherent methodological limitations [24–26]. In this experimental study, the surfaces of all the samples were flat, whereas, in the oral environment, cavities have a variety of shapes so the composite resin restorations could be on an uneven surface. Furthermore, apart from being in a dynamic state in the oral cavity, samples in this experiment were dipped in static staining solutions. Moreover, although the color change values were calculated in the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairege using L*a*b* color space, which is now regarded as a valid method, the most recently introduced formula DE 2000 is recommendable due to its advantages in uniformity of color space.

Conclusions

Within the limitation of this in vitro study, it can be concluded that all the different composite resin materials used in this study were affected to some degree by the staining solutions used. Among the staining solutions, coffee caused the most significant color change when compared to cola and distilled water. In conclusion, the color of both single-shade and conventional composite restoration appeared to change when the teeth were subjected to colorant beverages.

Additionally, polishing may affect the composite surface’s quality, which suggests that the polishing procedure can change the color of composite resins. Finishing and polishing methods may have an impact on surface roughness, which is associated with initial discoloration and surface conditions. For a better understanding of tooth discoloration, more in vivo research is required.

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