Total hip arthroplasty in advanced osteonecrosis: The short-term results by metal-on-metal hip resurfacing

Background

According to reports on large series of total hip arthroplasties (THA) and the percentage performed for osteonecrosis (ON), there are almost 20 000 new cases of ON of the femoral head in the United States annually, which accounts for 5% to 10% of all primary THA in that country [1–5]. Characteristically, ON affects younger patients who typically refer to the orthopedic surgeon for the first time in their thirties to fifties, in the late stage of the disease [6,7]. THA is a standard treatment option, but for most of the past 40 years it has had less success, specifically in patients with ON and in those who are younger and more active [8–11].

Femoral bone-conserving metal-on-metal (MOM) hip resurfacing was introduced in the early 1990’s [12,13]. It is a procedure that can be particularly useful in patients who may have outlived conventional total hip replacements. It is an attractive method of joint reconstruction, particularly in younger patients, as it preserves proximal femoral bone stock for further revisions, optimizes stress transfer to the proximal femur, and, due to the large diameter of the articulation, offers inherent stability and optimal range of motion [14–16]. MOM-associated problems, including migration of the femoral component, necrosis of the femoral head and fracture of the femoral neck or head, continue to be reported [7,17–20].

MOM hip resurfacing arthroplasty has recently emerged as an alternative to conventional THA in treating advanced stages of osteoarthritis of the hip [14–17] and late Ficat stage III or IV of avascular necrosis. Hip resurfacing has been attempted since the 1950’s. Throughout the 1960’s and 1970’s clinical results were inferior to those of stemmed hip replacement, and the procedure was largely abandoned by the mid 1980’s. The rebirth of MOM hip resurfacing can be attributed to advances in orthopedic implants manufacturing, as well as to the evolution of the surgical technique [21]. A number of recent short- and mid-term reports described early successes of this procedure [1,14,22–31].

Since many reports have already been published regarding the successful outcome of resurfacing in advanced osteoarthritis, the purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical outcomes of MOM total hip resurfacing arthroplasty in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head, and to compare them with the results from a matched group of patients with osteoarthritis.

Material and Methods

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:

Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS statistical software (version 15.0; SPSS, Chicago, Illinois). Paired t-tests were utilized to compare variables between the 2 study groups. The end point of survival was defined as revision (removal or exchange of 1 or more components) for any reason (eg, aseptic loosening). P-value <0.05 was considered significant.

Results

There was no significant difference between the mean HHS (P=0.347) and hip joint range of motion (P=0.346) between the 2 groups after surgery at the final follow-up (Table 1.) Three (10.7%) patients in the AVN group and 3 (12.5%) patients in the OA group encountered femoral neck fracture or acetabular cup failure (P=0.251) that resulted in revision to standard THA. There was also no significant difference regarding mortality rate after surgery between AVN and OA groups [1 (3.6%) vs 2 (8.3%); P=0.243].

Discussion

The results of our study demonstrated that at a short-term follow-up (a mean of 41 months) there were high levels of function and activity. In 90% of our patients the results were satisfactory; moreover, in this study the MOM total hip resurfacing lead to similar results in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head and a matched group of patients with osteoarthritis. Although the mean age of patients was significantly higher in the OA group, there was no difference regarding complications in the 2 groups.

Our result was are in agreement with Mont et al. [1], who demonstrated that the MOM procedure was satisfactory in 95% of patients; moreover, 93% of osteonecrosis and 98% of OA patients were treated successfully with this procedure. Revell et al found there was an overall survival rate of 93.2% at a mean of 6.1 years follow-up. They concluded that MOM hip resurfacing for osteonecrosis can be considered a safe and effective method of surgery [7].

Amstutz et al. studied 85 hips with ON and 915 hips with other etiologies (696 hips with osteoarthritis) [28], demonstrating no difference in survivorship between the ON group and the control group after MOM resurfacing, even after adjusting for head size, body mass index, and defect size. They concluded that the etiology of ON itself does not constitute a contraindication for resurfacing, and the risk factors for the procedure are similar to those of other etiologies.

In an investigation by Stalberg et al., a modern hip resurfacing system was implanted in 1148 hips as part of a U. S. multicenter investigational device exemption study. Of these, 116 hips had a preoperative diagnosis of osteonecrosis, compared to 1023 hips with osteoarthritis. Survival rates were not significantly different (95.9% and 95.8% at 24 months for osteoarthritis and osteonecrosis, respectively). They concluded that resurfacing arthroplasty for patients with osteonecrosis appears to be a reasonable alternative, taking into consideration implant size, patient sex, and size of femoral deficiency [29].

In another study, Beckman et al. analyzed the bone quality and 3-dimensional microarchitecture of the femoral head and neck in patients with ON of the femoral head, and compared them to a group of patients with primary osteoarthritis [30]. They found no statistically significant differences in bone volume and bone volume fraction, connectivity density and the structure model index in patients with ON of femoral head and those with OA. They concluded that hip resurfacing arthroplasty is a possible therapeutic option in the treatment of ON of femoral head in young and active patients, and that an insufficient bone stock in ON of the femoral head seems not to be the deciding factor for failure.

Lei et al. [31] evaluated the short-term clinical outcomes of MOM total hip resurfacing arthroplasty in treating osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) in young and middle-aged patients, and compared them with hip osteoarthritis patients at the same period. They studied 33 patients (45 hips) with ONFH and 39 patients (45 hips) with osteoarthritis. The patients were observed for 26 months in the ONFH group and 28 months in the osteoarthritis group. Femoral neck fracture occurred after 4 months in 1 patient in the osteoarthritis group, who received total hip arthroplasty; no complication of prosthesis loosening, dislocation, incision infection, osteonecrosis, and bone absorption occurred in other patients. At last follow-up, the Harris scores were 93.0±5.5 in the ONFH group and 94.0±2.4 in the osteoarthritis group, showing no significant difference between the 2 groups (P>0.05); but there were significant differences between pre- and post-operation (P<0.01). They concluded that the clinical short-term outcomes of metal-on-metal total hip resurfacing arthroplasty to treat ONFH are satisfactory and can achieve similar outcomes to that of the osteoarthritis group.

Some previous studies reported that femoral resurfacing hemiarthroplasty can be a viable option for certain patients with late-stage osteonecrosis and minimal acetabular involvement [18,35–37]. However, it is not a permanent solution, since failure eventually occurs as a result of acetabular cartilage erosion. Resurfacing of both sides of the joint, as in MOM resurfacing, may offer a more permanent solution than limited resurfacing of only the femoral side [3,18,24,34,36–42].

In this study we used the HHS, which is a known classification for evaluation of the hip joint function. Some studies have reported different results by using different methods of scoring. For example, Pollar et al. [43] reported that by using the Oxford hip score the result from the patients who underwent hybrid total hip arthroplasty and those who underwent MOM resurfacing method were not different, but by using Activity score and Euro Qol score the patients who underwent MOM resurfacing arthroplasty achieved higher scores after 7 years of follow-up.

This study was limited by the relatively small patient population and the limited duration of follow-up. We are waiting for long-term results to see if these early excellent results are maintained.

Conclusions

On the basis of these initial findings, we recommend MOM resurfacing as a viable treatment option for patients with advanced stages of osteonecrosis.