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20 December 2022: Meta-Analysis  

Prevalence of Burnout in Healthcare Specialties: A Systematic Review Using Copenhagen and Maslach Burnout Inventories

Maram A. Alahmari1ABG, Mohammed M. Al Moaleem23ADEF*, Bassam A. Hamdi ORCID logo4BG, Mada Abdulaziz Hamzi4BG, Anaheed Talal Aljadaani4BG, Fatima Ali Khormi4ABCDG, Maram Ahmed Darraj4BG, Raneem J. Shrwani5BFG, Asma Ahmed AlOmar5BFG, Manal Kinani Tahhah4BG, Mohanad A. Alyousefy6ACDEF, Fuad A. Al Sanabani2ACEF

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.938798

Med Sci Monit 2022; 28:e938798

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: This systematic review used the Copenhagen (CBI) and the Maslach (MBI) Burnout Inventories and its scales to assess and compare studies that involved students and workers in all medical specialties.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Wiley Library, and Web of Science databases were searched using keywords and Medical Subject Headings. Identified studies were in English, published between 2008 and 2022, measured the burnout of healthcare workers and students by using CBI and MBI, and observed adverse patient outcomes.

RESULTS: A total of 38 studies were included in the current review. All included studies assessed and evaluated subjects and participants by observing clinical measures, personal and demographic data, countries where the study was conducted, and study type used. Fifty percent of CBI papers were conducted in Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries, whereas the majority of MBI papers (10) were conducted in Europe, followed by 9 studies conducted in Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries and 6 studies conducted in the USA and Canada. The overall percentage of burnout in CBI studies (53%) was higher than that in MBI studies (35%). Also, the types and domains in CBI were marginally higher than those in MBI.

CONCLUSIONS: Studies that used CBI scales recorded higher burnout compared with studies that used MBI. Females, higher education levels, and marriage status of the tested subjects showed higher CBI and MBI scale scores in comparison to their counterparts. Higher significant differences percentages in burnout types and genders were recorded in CBI than in MBI.

Keywords: Burnout, Professional, Fibrinogen Copenhagen II, Humans, Male, Female, Prevalence, Students, Delivery of Health Care, Medicine, Surveys and Questionnaires

Background

Burnout is an extended reaction to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job, and is characterized by the 3 dimensions of exhaustion, cynicism, and inefficacy [1]. It is a term used to describe a clinical syndrome that involves severe stress, dissatisfaction, and feeling of being overworked [2–4]. According to the World Health Organization, occupational burnout is a chronic psychological syndrome caused by exposure to chronic emotional and interpersonal stress caused by work or the workplace [5].

The term burnout was introduced by psychologist Herbert Freudenberger in 1974 in an article titled “Staff Burnout” in which he discussed job dissatisfaction caused by professional stress [6]. This syndrome has severe adverse consequences, including substance abuse, disruptive behavior, lack of energy, low job satisfaction, absenteeism, feelings of worthlessness, impatience, divorce, depression, suicidal thinking, and even suicide [7].

The progression of burnout is described as follows. The first sign of burnout is mental and physical exhaustion, with the individual feeling overwhelmed by the demands of the job and detached from various aspects of the job. Detachment can lead to the dehumanization of patients because providers stop doing their best and are content to do the bare minimum. As burnout progresses, the individual develops a diminished sense of personal fulfillment and loss of self-confidence [8].

Several assessment tools, scales, and questionnaires are available for measuring burnout, including the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Burnout Clinical Subtype Questionnaire, and Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM), and Oldenburg Burnout Inventory [9]. The CBI uses 3 dimensions to measure personal burnout, work-related burnout, and client-related burnout, for use in different domains [10]. The MBI uses 3 scales assessing emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal achievement [2,11]. Among these tools, CBI and MBI are the most widely used tools in the medical literature to identify and measure burnout. Those scales assess burnout among healthcare employees from the same as well as different fields, such as nurses, doctors, or medical students, and none of them includes healthcare workers from various disciplines and at different education levels [9–11].

The concept of burnout was introduced into the social science literature in the mid-1970s by Freudenberger (1974) and Maslach (1976) [10]. Many assessment tools, scales, and questionnaires for measuring burnout are available [8]. The first and most widely used tool in the medical literature to assess and measure burnout is the MBI [9], which has received criticism from academics for a variety of reasons, including an unclear connection between the tool and the concept of burnout. Afterward, Kristensen et al developed the CBI, which is frequently used to measure burnout in personnel working in complex medical settings [12]. From a scientific perspective, the CBI is free in the public domain and is open access, unlike the MBI, which is considered a general survey copyrighted/distributed by a commercial publisher. The CBI examines the work- and client-related aspects of burnout in addition to the personal aspect. This function gives CBI an advantage over the MBI, which primarily focuses on the emotional aspect of exhaustion [13].

Some reviews on burnout have been published. The majority focused on studies that used the CBI scale to assess burnout and its causes and negative impacts. Other reviews included studies that utilized the MBI scale and thoroughly examined the prevalence of burnout among healthcare professionals from different specialties to support the personal and professional development of healthcare workers [14–23]. A systematic review that includes studies that utilized the CBI and MBI scales has not been conducted yet. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to assess, summarize, and compare studies that involved all medical students as well as medical field workers and used the Copenhagen (CBI) and the Maslach (MBI) Burnout Inventories.

Material and Methods

RESEARCH PROTOCOLS AND INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

We conducted the search by using state, context, and population frameworks to review published articles that measured burnout by using the CBI and MBI. Questions were “What is the meaning of burnout in MBI and its types (personal, work-related, and patient-related burnouts), and what is the mean burnout of CBI and its types (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal achievement)?” and “Is the overall mean of both scales with their types similar or different among genders and populations?” Hence, only studies that used the MBI and CBI, directly evaluated burnout among healthcare workers and students from different countries and were published in English were included. Studies that measured burnout by using other indices or inventory other than MBI and CBI and published in languages other than English were excluded.

SEARCH STRATEGY:

The electronic databases of PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Wiley Library, and Web of Science were searched for relevant published papers from April 2008 to September 2022. The search terms used were “Maslach Burnout Inventory”, “Copenhagen Burnout Inventory”, “burnout”, “scale”, “indices”, and “medical health specialty”. Keywords were used independently or in combination by using the Boolean operators “AND,” “OR,” and “NOT” to search for the term “burnout, MBI, and CBI” independently. The gray literature was searched using Google Scholar.

STUDY SELECTION:

Two reviewers (M.M.AL. and M.A.) individually evaluated papers for eligibility based on inclusion criteria. After the elimination of repeat articles, the titles and abstracts of the remaining articles were analyzed for relevant studies. A third reviewer (F.A.S.) assessed the validity and duplications of the studies. Papers that did not assess the levels of CBI and MBI among different health practitioners, systemic reviews, and case reports were excluded. Published articles that did not indicate the number of subjects and participants or whose samples had been partly estimated in other studies were also ignored. A paper was deemed relevant when the researchers agreed that it was related to the study questions. The full text of potentially relevant papers was obtained and reviewed. The references of selected papers were examined for extra studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In case of a disagreement regarding the inclusion of an article, a third reviewer (F.A.S.) was consulted.

DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS:

Two authors (M.M.A. and M.A.) independently extracted relevant data from each paper by using customized tables in Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corp., Redwood, CA, USA). Any disagreement was resolved through discussion with a third author (F.A.S.). Details regarding the author(s) names, year of publication, country, study design, sample size, response rate, specialty tested, mean (%) of overall burnout and types of CBI and MBI scales, and important findings were documented.

QUALITY OF INVOLVED PAPERS:

The quality of included papers was assessed in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute’s critical appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies [25]. The critical appraisal was performed independently by 2 authors (M.M.A. and M.A.). Any disagreement was resolved through discussion until consensus was reached with a third author (F.A.S.). The exterior validity of articles was evaluated by stating 3 criteria: characteristics of the study samples and participants, correctness of outcome processes, and statistical methods utilized.

Results

STUDY SELECTION:

The search strategy yielded 451 results. A total of 287 papers were excluded because they were duplicates or not related to this review. Remaining articles were screened based on title and abstract. A total of 126 papers were excluded because they were unrelated studies (88), reviews (8), or studies that used other inventories or indices (30). The full text of 41 papers that met all inclusion criteria were included in this review and were assessed using predefined eligibility criteria. A total of 13 and 28 papers used CBI and MBI, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the selection process of papers involved in this review.

QUALITY OF THE SELECTED PAPERS:

The risk of bias assessment revealed that most of the 41 papers suffered from methodological limitations, resulting in an overall rating of medium to high risk of bias. A high percentage of the published papers showed attrition bias with lack of responses. Information on how the response rate was managed was limited. The papers did not use any objective measure to assess burnout by the CBI or MBI. In addition, some studies using the MBI did not mention the percentages and means of MBI types. Assessment of the quality of the papers by checklist article was done according to Chuang et al [22], and it is displayed in Table 1. There was an extremely high level of agreement in the calculations of the papers assessed by the 2 reviewers and the intraclass correlation coefficient for the reliability of all data.

STUDY CHARACTERISTICS:

Thirteen studies used CBI: 6 were conducted in Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries, 3 studies were conducted in Asia, and others were from Europe and other countries. Table 2 summarizes the characteristics of the selected CBI papers [26–38]. Twenty-eight studies used MBI: 12 were from Europe, 9 were from Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries, 6 were from the USA and Canada, and 1 was from Asia. Table 3 summarizes the characteristics of selected MBI papers [39–66].

PUBLICATION COUNTRY, YEARS, AND STUDY DESIGN:

Most of the available papers that used MBI were published between 2011 and 2019, with 22/28 studies, while for CBI the published articles were almost equal in numbers before 2020 and after 2020. The cross-sectional study design was used by all CBI papers and in 8 MBI studies. A total of 9, 5, 3, and 3 MBI papers used DCSS, POS, CSOS, and CSAS, respectively. Figure 2 presents the distribution and characteristics of the included studies for CBI and MBI in relation to countries where the study was conducted, publication year, and study design.

SAMPLE SIZE AND RESPONSE RATE:

The total sample size for CBI was 6158 subjects collected from 13 papers with a total mean of 474 subjects per study (32% of the total sample size), whereas for MBI there were 21789 respondents from 28 papers with a mean of 778 samples per study (68% of the total sample size). In CBI, response rates (average, 66.8%) were mentioned in only 7 studies, whereas almost all papers that used MBI recorded response rates (average, 67.6%) (Table 4).

OVERALL MEAN OF BURNOUT FOR CBI AND MBI AND THEIR TYPES:

The overall percentages of burnout for CBI and MBI were 53% and 35%, respectively. For CBI, the mean values of personal, work-related, and patient-related burnouts were 43%, 34%, and 38%, respectively. For MBI, the mean values of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal achievement were 31%, 37%, and 30%, respectively (Figure 3).

For CBI, the percentages of significance were 23%, 46%, and 23%, for burnout type, gender, and level of education, respectively, as well as different specialty, while it was 14%, 29%, and 18%, respectively for the same parameters in MBI studies (Figure 4).

Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, a systematic review that includes studies utilizing CBI and MBI scales has not been conducted yet. Thus, this review summarizes and covers all studies dealing with burnout of all healthcare workers and students by using the CBI and MBI scales. The current review calculated and assessed papers that concerned all students and workers in medical fields that used CBI and MBI and compared those results between genders and educational levels as well as speciality. Therefore, our analysis is among the first reviews to include studies on the prevalence of burnout and its risk variables among healthcare workers from various disciplines by using MBI and/or CBI scales [67–69]. The overall values of this systematic results agree with findings of other recently published reviews [20,21,70–73], and in relation to the significant relationships among gender, burnout types, educational level, and healthcare specialty.

According to results of the current review, MBI was the most widely used scale in Europe, whereas CBI is mostly used in Saudi Arabia and the rest of the Arab world. This may be because CBI utilizes questions that are readily translated into a variety of languages (eg, English, Japanese, Mandarin, Cantonese, Swedish, Finnish, French, and Slovenian) and is now used in many nations. By contrast, MBI uses questions that cannot be translated in the same manner because it uses questions relating to American culture and cannot be generalized to other populations [10].

Most of the studies conducted before 2008 used the MBI scale, and more studies have used CBI since the beginning of 2016 (Tables 2, 3). This finding may be related to the introduction date of the inventory type. In terms of study design, most studies using either scale used cross-sectional surveys because the MBI and CBI are questionnaire-based measurements that can only be used in various types of cross-sectional studies, such as descriptive cross-sectional studies (DCSS), data collection social surveys (DCSS), and cross-sectional observational studies (CSOS). The response rate in studies that utilize the CBI scale was higher than in studies that used the MBI scale because the former utilizes questions that are simple to comprehend and answer, while the latter uses questions that are difficult to answer. Hence, CBI questionnaires are easy to fill out and have a higher response rate [10].

In terms of study population, most studies involved medical residents because burnout syndrome is a serious problem in this population. The pressure of work throughout residency training is quite high, especially because residents are expected to be competent clinicians, educators, and administrators at the end of residency training [15]. Additionally, medical students’ academic lives may be regarded as psychologically hazardous, and the major source of stress is related to academic requirements [27]. A recent meta-analysis found that medical students worldwide suffer from a high prevalence of depression, with an estimated prevalence of 28.0% (24.2–32.1%) [67]. By contrast, before entering medical school, the prevalence of depression among future medical students was only 1.4% to 1.8% [68,69].

CBI and MBI have remarkable differences. CBI has higher percentage than MBI in overall and types (personal, work-related, and patient-related burnouts) except for one, in which the type of MBI has recorded a slightly higher percentage (37%, Figure 3). According to the results of this review, the prevalence values of burnout among all study participants are 53% and 35% in CBI and MBI studies, respectively. This finding does not agree with the review undertaken by Reardon et a6. in 2020, which found that the prevalence values of burnout in CBI and MBI studies are 56% and 18%, respectively [70]. In terms of MBI subscales, the prevalence values of each subscale are as follows: EE, 31%; DP, 37%; and PA, 30%. These figures contrast sharply with a very recent review published by Parandeh et al in 2022 [71], which found that the prevalence values of EE, DP, and PA are 37%, 18%, and 51%, respectively. Another review, among medical students, found that the prevalence values of EE, DP, and PA are 40.8%, 35.1%, and 27.4%, respectively [72]. Our analysis also looked at the prevalence of CBI subscales among the involved studies. The prevalence values of personal, work-related, and patient-related burnouts are 43%, 34%, and 38%, respectively. Martos et al in 2020 recorded that the prevalence values of personal, work-related, and patient-related burnouts are 50%, 40%, and 10%, respectively [73].

Tables 2 and 3 show that a significant difference in CBI between genders is recorded in studies conducted in different countries [29,32,34,37], but not in studies among populations from Saudi Arabia and Egypt [29,31]. Also, CBI recognizes a significant difference between the types and subscales of burnout among studies carried out in South Africa and Malaysia [26,27]. Other studies have not identified this parameter in their results [28,36]. Also, MBI is significantly different between genders in published research [41,44,47,55–57], and was found to be higher among females in studies conducted in countries such as the Netherlands [28,30], USA, Lebanon, and Romania [55,57]. Two studies recorded that males have higher burnout rates than females [34,47], which can be attributed to genetics and socio-economic statuses of those countries. As the educational attainment increases, burnout increases among participants from different countries and populations [30,34,35,40,54,63]. Marital status was associated with higher burnout in studies using CBI and MBI burnout [40,45,60]. Parts of these findings were reported by a recent review published by Mangory et al in 2021 and other reviews by Juan and Juan and Patel et al in 2019 [17,15], whereas some findings agree with the results of other published reviews of the literature [70–74].

The discrepancies in all the aforementioned values and important findings in the last column of tables show that the contents of different studies using CBI and MBI are attributable to the varying criteria for selecting studies. Some reviews involved medical students, whereas others involved medical residents. The prevalence of burnout depends on the field and degree of study or work area. A higher percentage of significances were detected between genders, as seen in Figure 4, and those results agree with previous studies [19,21].

The limitations of this review are that it included many studies from different countries and health subspecialities. Further reviews are needed to compare different countries, health specialties, and educational levels.

Conclusions

Burnout is a common issue among medical workers but has only lately been acknowledged as a disease [63]. CBI recorded higher burnout compared with studies that used MBI. Female students with higher education levels and married people showed higher levels of burnout in studies using the CBI and MBI scales. The present study shows an association with the quality and efficacy of patient treatment. As a result of understanding the level of burnout and its types, the prevention and detection measures for affected workers can be improved, which will increase job satisfaction.

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Medical Science Monitor eISSN: 1643-3750
Medical Science Monitor eISSN: 1643-3750